24 10 626 https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/e4446b0979c4d70cfdd97be8510f4e1f.pdf bf1c51844614443baf0e00ab7b2cf21e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 18 File 20141228-spiegel-description_on_the_processing_of_vpn_data_packets_within_the_turmoil_program.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html Encrypted communications Source:File URL of the source file 20141228-spiegel-description_on_the_processing_of_vpn_data_packets_within_the_turmoil_program.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Technical POC name redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Draft report Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spiegel Staff Date:Leaked 2014-12-28 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191248/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://G:/snowden1/tmp/1449073683/20141228-spiegel-description_on_the_processing_of_vpn_data_packets_within_the_turmoil_program.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2008 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs TURMOIL Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20141228-spiegel-description_on_the_processing_of_vpn_data_packets_within_the_turmoil_program.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document describes the processing of VPN data packets within the TURMOIL program. More specifically, the "document describes the sessionization requirements for the various IPSec VPN protocols processed." Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource data packets Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH1bc2482c495aad76389e81 Title A name given to the resource TURMOIL IPSEC VPN SESSIONIZATION Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/13f375ee0c9f39563305f3dac6fa8a43.pdf 15aa8cc5ad2e16e0402c039ba00c060c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 1 File 20130630-guard-dropmire_.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/30/nsa-leaks-us-bugging-european-allies Diplomatic Communications Source:File URL of the source file 20130630-guard-dropmire_.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Slide has extensive redactions Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Ewen MacAskill Date:Leaked 2013-06-30 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150625205235/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/30/nsa-leaks-us-bugging-european-allies# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Unknown Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949142/20130630-guard-dropmire_.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2007-01-06 Distribution Unknown Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs Perdido; DROPMIRE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Guardian Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20130630-guard-dropmire_.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a single slide from a presentation on DROPMIRE, a bug that was implanted by the NSA on the "cryptofax" of the EU's embassy in Washington, DC. The document notes that this fax was used to send cables back to foreign affairs ministries in European capitals. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Klondyke Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH7e29dd65fc3faf21c47b26 Title A name given to the resource DROPMIRE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/46118e3c48d1dda3a1d69a1456acd391.pdf 20bb43f375c0d58a79e5787f3a4d6b5c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20140312-intercept-vpn_and_voip_exploitation_with_hammerchant_and_hammerstein.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/ Telephony metadata Source:File URL of the source file 20140312-intercept-vpn_and_voip_exploitation_with_hammerchant_and_hammerstein.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Ryan Gallagher Date:Leaked 2014-03-12 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150521193525/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449701827/20140312-intercept-vpn_and_voip_exploitation_with_hammerchant_and_hammerstein.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs APEX ; TURBINE ; TURMOIL ; TURBULENCE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140312-intercept-vpn_and_voip_exploitation_with_hammerchant_and_hammerstein.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document contains four NSA presentation slides which provide an overview of the APEX VPN and VoIP exploitation programs and their phases for metadata collection and circumventing encryption. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource TOYGRIPPE Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH5101dda1f2ede5721fb6b3 Title A name given to the resource Apex VPN and VoIP Exploitation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/5477c9fee809befd8f45c2089862f4c2.pdf 45781d4f535c5ae61851a8f0e8c6db82 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20140831-spiegel-turkish_signal_intelligence_chief_agenda.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/documents-show-nsa-and-gchq-spied-on-partner-turkey-a-989011.html Signals Intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20140831-spiegel-turkish_signal_intelligence_chief_agenda.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Visit manager name redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Meeting agenda Report:Creator Author of the original news report Holger Stark Date:Leaked 2014-08-31 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150716201807/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/documents-show-nsa-and-gchq-spied-on-partner-turkey-a-989011.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949566/20140831-spiegel-turkish_signal_intelligence_chief_agenda.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2013-04-30 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs SEA SENTRY II; PHANTOMNOVA Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140831-spiegel-turkish_signal_intelligence_chief_agenda.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a NSA meeting agenda for the NSA visit of the Turkish Signals Intelligence Chief for a strategic planning conference, electronic intelligence (ELINT) demonstration and discussion of ongoing collaboration including an NSA request to "stage SIGINT collection equipment in Turkey for SOCHI Olympic support and SEA SENTRY II choke-point collection program." Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Turkish National Intelligence Orgranization (MIT/TNIO) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH5aa0a372368221b1bccd30 Title A name given to the resource NSA Visit Agenda for Turkish Signals Intelligence Chief Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/e4e3a87646094fb51ea65358556393b7.pdf dbb7283262bd64b48393198aab2feb89 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20130816-wapo-targeting_rationale.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/what-to-say-and-not-to-say-to-our-overseers/390/ Diplomatic Communications Source:File URL of the source file 20130816-wapo-targeting_rationale.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Examples describing actual certifications removed Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Memo Report:Creator Author of the original news report Barton Gellman Date:Leaked 2013-08-15 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150604201253/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-broke-privacy-rules-thousands-of-times-per-year-audit-finds/2013/08/15/3310e554-05ca-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document TOP SECRET, COMINT, NOFORN, MR Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1441070905/20130816-wapo-targeting_rationale.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2007-01-08 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs General Intelligence Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Washington Post Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20130816-wapo-targeting_rationale.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a memo that explains the rationale used by the NSA in its selection of surveillance targets outside the US. The document contains actual examples of certification examples that indicate that the staff of foreign heads of state and embassy officials were all targeted for surveillance. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource UTT - Unified Targeting Tool Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHf58e0b9161319c9817d8c2 Title A name given to the resource Targeting Rationale (TAR) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/acdd672458d9a27afcb96b5a75b53cbe.pdf 54c5cb97cb8302a9ed600504124d39be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 14 File 20140127-nyt-converged_analysis_on_smartphone_devices.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/spy-agencies-scour-phone-apps-for-personal-data.html Communications Intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20140127-nyt-converged_analysis_on_smartphone_devices.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Examples of information collected removed Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Andrew W. Lehren Date:Leaked 2014-01-27 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F392.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010-05 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs COMINT; General Intelligence Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The New York Times Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140127-nyt-converged_analysis_on_smartphone_devices.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a presentation detailing the potential uses of smartphone devices for signals intelligence. The presentation highlights the ability to access social media, location, search history, network history, and photo data from smartphones. The presentation also describes why the NSA would want this information (additional exploitation, target knowledge, technology etc) and the challenges involved in analysis. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Convergence in SIGINT Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH5067aef870e927101e82d5 Title A name given to the resource Converged Analysis of Smartphone Devices Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/be33f45ec08c590ef68d6b51f4f48e17.pdf 8367944337d8501ee7fe7a4929a1b42e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 114 File 20150701-intercept-advanced_http_activity_analysis.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/ HTTP metadata Source:File URL of the source file 20150701-intercept-advanced_http_activity_analysis.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Some slides contain minor redactions Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Micah Lee Date:Leaked 2015-07-01 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document COMINT Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F777.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2009 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs XKEYSCORE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150701-intercept-advanced_http_activity_analysis.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an internal presentated prepared by an official within the NSA. it describes the basics of HTTP protocol and how to target and exploit this using the XKEYSCORE query and analysis tool. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource HTTP metadata Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHab03c2619de11d383c4f52 Title A name given to the resource Advanced HTTP Activity Analysis Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/cbebf354d952ae05a8c1fab9325c49bf.pdf 55bf130efac1a2ea75d54b36543523b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 3 File 20131211-svt-nsa_slides_xkeyscore.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.svt.se/ug/read-the-snowden-documents-from-the-nsa TOR - The Onion Router Source:File URL of the source file 20131211-svt-nsa_slides_xkeyscore.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Gunnar Rensfeldt Date:Leaked 2013-12-11 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191657/http://www.svt.se/ug/read-the-snowden-documents-from-the-nsa# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document COMINT Report:Link Link to the original news report http://G:/snowden1/tmp/1449073020/20131211-svt-nsa_slides_xkeyscore.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2008 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs XKEYSCORE; MARINA; PINWALE Title Title of the leaked document TOR Log Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available SVT Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20131211-svt-nsa_slides_xkeyscore.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an extract from an internal NSA presentation about XKEYSCORE, the NSA's tool to search and analyze surveillance data. It describes the scope and content of the MARINA and PINWALE databases, as well as the NSA's ability to track traffic using the TOR router. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource SIGDEV Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH6c5c5414546b05b853f455 Title A name given to the resource TOR Log Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/df3f5126ad93dc0430ea62e5138991e1.pdf 01910e8600ad08d73340d85b33d72668 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20140831-spiegel-nsa_intelligence_relationship_with_turkey.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/documents-show-nsa-and-gchq-spied-on-partner-turkey-a-989011.html SIGINT Source:File URL of the source file 20140831-spiegel-nsa_intelligence_relationship_with_turkey.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Names have been redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Information paper Report:Creator Author of the original news report Marcel Rosenbach Date:Leaked 2014-08-31 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150716201807/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/documents-show-nsa-and-gchq-spied-on-partner-turkey-a-989011.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949558/20140831-spiegel-nsa_intelligence_relationship_with_turkey.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2013-04-15 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs CROSSHAIR Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140831-spiegel-nsa_intelligence_relationship_with_turkey.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an NSA information paper on the partnership between Turkish and U.S. intelligence. The paper provides key recent issues, discusses what each organization offers the other in terms of SIGINT, and refers to challenges balancing the fact that Turkey is an intelligence target as well as partner. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Voice collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH14d38ecf4bf19b0a65a8db Title A name given to the resource Information Paper: NSA Intelligence Relationship with Turkey Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/8172e2416f41e86cc2d4d1cbf0a75f18.pdf f293421ead5dcf6b2b667a53aeed0f6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 1 File 20140207-nrc-boundless_nederland.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/02/08/nsa-hielp-nederland-met-onderzoek-naar-herkomst-18-miljoen/ Telephony metadata Source:File URL of the source file 20140207-nrc-boundless_nederland.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Classification codes appear to be supplied by publisher Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Report Report:Creator Author of the original news report Huib Modderkolk Date:Leaked 2014-02-07 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150716203834/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/02/08/nsa-hielp-nederland-met-onderzoek-naar-herkomst-18-miljoen/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Unknown Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449701806/20140207-nrc-boundless_nederland.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2012 Distribution Unknown Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs BOUNDLESS INFORMANT Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available NRC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140207-nrc-boundless_nederland.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a report from the BOUNDLESSINFORMANT big data analysis tool used by the NSA. It shows the NSA's efforts in monitoring telephonic and internet communications in The Netherlands in a 30 day period between December 10 2012 and Janurary 8 2013. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Telephony metadata Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH0146b3ea1f8aaa0ab91472fc Title A name given to the resource Boundless Informant : Netherlands, Dec 10 2012 - Jan 8 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden