32 10 626 https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/3b71749fc27919068da29c6e1455656a.pdf 6efd7927311c50fe159a72c70b7dab02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 1 File 20140618-der_spiegel-excerpt_on_the_sharing_of_xkeyscore_with_german_intelligence_agency_bfv.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-germany-file-of-edward-snowden-documents-available-for-download-a-975917.html Telephony metadata Source:File URL of the source file 20140618-der_spiegel-excerpt_on_the_sharing_of_xkeyscore_with_german_intelligence_agency_bfv.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Document is an extract Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spiegel Staff Date:Leaked 2014-06-18 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191306/http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-germany-file-of-edward-snowden-documents-available-for-download-a-975917.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document SI Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F446.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2012 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs XKEYSCORE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140618-der_spiegel-excerpt_on_the_sharing_of_xkeyscore_with_german_intelligence_agency_bfv.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This is an extract from an internal NSA presentation. It relates to the provision of XKEYSCORE analytics program to the German BfV (Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution). Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource BND - Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH4e8c0cf450bc666e4937bc Title A name given to the resource Provision of XKEYSCORE to BfV Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/df11bad625c9bce22a90618de6689e3d.pdf 6061b2a5370417fa5df8dfa0332499e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/new-snowden-docs-indicate-scope-of-nsa-preparations-for-cyber-battle-a-1013409.html Computer Network Devices Source:File URL of the source file 20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Author's name redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Newsletter Report:Creator Author of the original news report Michael Sontheimer Date:Leaked 2015-01-17 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191246/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/new-snowden-docs-indicate-scope-of-nsa-preparations-for-cyber-battle-a-1013409-2.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://G:/snowden1/tmp/1449073830/20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010-06 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs SIGINT Enabling Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This article, from the NSA's SIDtoday newsletter, describes the success of a hands-on interception program. Shipments of computer network devices (servers, routers, etc.), en route to target locations, are intercepted and physically implanted with beacons that will enable NSA data collection. The article refers specifically to a successful example involving the Syrian Telecommunications Establishment (STE). Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource GPRS data Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHe6e8efd1561895522410f0 Title A name given to the resource Stealthy Techniques Can Crack Some of SIGINT's Hardest Targets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/71146879a6e715ba7fb3379a0f00b1ce.pdf d98d98ca6caebfb58b46760aabcaa84b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 47 File 20141228-spiegel-explanation_on_the_spin9_program_on_end-to-end_attacks_on_vpn.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html SIGINT Source:File URL of the source file 20141228-spiegel-explanation_on_the_spin9_program_on_end-to-end_attacks_on_vpn.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Author's name removed Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spiegel Staff Date:Leaked 2014-12-28 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F222.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2011 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs WEALTHYCLUSTER; TURBULENCE; PRESSUREWAVE; TOYGRIPPE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20141228-spiegel-explanation_on_the_spin9_program_on_end-to-end_attacks_on_vpn.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a presentation that reviews in detail the capabilities and constraints of the GCHQ program VPN SPIN 9 - a VPN decryption program. The document shows how the VPN service is connected to other SIGINT programs, maps out several processing dataflows, and gives background on many of the programs mentioned at the end. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource VPN Attack Orchestrater Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH499844527cdeb45f5e56bc Title A name given to the resource Fielded Capability: End-to-End VPN Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/88375bbb3366e20a07b5acb5ae858de3.pdf 7bd2d88e03b22311eb6053f89bac3291 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 17 File 20131119-odni-nsa_course_materials_module_3_v.22.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/67419963949/dni-clapper-declassifies-additional-intelligence Business Records Source:File URL of the source file 20131119-odni-nsa_course_materials_module_3_v.22.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Some slides contain redactions Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Teaching materials Report:Creator Author of the original news report James R. Clapper Date:Leaked 2013-11-18 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150630210959/http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/67419963949/dni-clapper-declassifies-additional-intelligence# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Unknown Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F267.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2011-11-17 Distribution Unclassified Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs OVSC1205: Special Training on FISA (Analytical); OVSC2106: Special Training on FISA (Technical); Bulk Electronic Communications Metadata Program Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available U.S. Government (Office of Director of National Intelligence) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20131119-odni-nsa_course_materials_module_3_v.22.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document contains internal NSA training material, explaining in detail the legal and procedural rules underlying the assumption of "Reasonable Articulable Suspicion (RAS)" as it relates to the NSA's Business Records (BR) and Pen Register Trap and Trace (PR/TT) Bulk Metadata Programs. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource DOJ - Department of Justice Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH0124f801920b3752d78ce104 Title A name given to the resource Establishing Reasonable Articulable Suspicion (RAS) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource GOV. https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/4d0cb765ec84f0b91ba10c7fda6cfa3a.pdf 25cd5a6596436be2a24b2eea8e8b3a3f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 3 File 20150701-intercept-xks_targets_visiting_specific_websites.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/ Web Forums Source:File URL of the source file 20150701-intercept-xks_targets_visiting_specific_websites.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation Slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Micah Lee Date:Leaked 2015-07-01 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150723204534/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document COMINT Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449702161_1/20150701-intercept-xks_targets_visiting_specific_websites.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2009 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs XKEYSCORE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150701-intercept-xks_targets_visiting_specific_websites.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an internal NSA presentation. It showcases using the XKEYSCORE query tool to target individuals visiting specific websites. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource XKEYSCORE Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01e6f98658950f59bf38b99c Title A name given to the resource Targets visiting specific websites Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/fa0e693e750375072b79cdf3a24d72d2.pdf 9b7a9cbde83522e147f3fb96f42c2e0d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20140825-Intercept-ICREACH-Black-Budget-Extract.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/08/25/icreach-nsa-cia-secret-google-crisscross-proton Digital Network Intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20140825-Intercept-ICREACH-Black-Budget-Extract.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Document is an extract Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Budget request Report:Creator Author of the original news report Ryan Gallagher Date:Leaked 2014-08-25 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150521193527/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/08/25/icreach-nsa-cia-secret-google-crisscross-proton/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449701935/20140825-Intercept-ICREACH-Black-Budget-Extract.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2013 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs ICREACH Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140825-Intercept-ICREACH-Black-Budget-Extract.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is allegedly an extract from the 2013 NSA Black Budget, requesting funding to expand the ICREACH program to access a "wider set of shareable dala." The request includes expanding IC access to digital network intelligence metadata, transitioning ICREACH to the NSA/CSS cloud, and responding to the National Intelligence Priorities Framework (NIPF) updates. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Target development Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH3848ddfd636bb0af187024 Title A name given to the resource ICREACH Black Budget Extracts Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/9e7d5f147ea630a63936c9dde3187a88.pdf de6dd0cec94e3ceb0d97c6c9b4fb8f0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20141228-spiegel-intercept_with_otr_encrypted_chat.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html Encrypted communications Source:File URL of the source file 20141228-spiegel-intercept_with_otr_encrypted_chat.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Target information redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Chat Log Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spiegel Staff Date:Leaked 2014-12-28 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F455.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2012 Distribution REL USA, AUS Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs SIGINT Enabling Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20141228-spiegel-intercept_with_otr_encrypted_chat.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a heavily redacted intercepted chat conversation. The document shows that OTR (Off-the-Record chat encryption protocol) could not be decrypted by the NSA. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Chat logs Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01bcbe1675e7834f10bc07e2 Title A name given to the resource Intercept with OTR encrypted chat Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/3b604e86d75d4807381ab232673d7bb6.pdf df12f4480aabf772385f7c940738b673 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 44 File 20150701-intercept-xks_as_a_sigdev_tool.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/ General intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20150701-intercept-xks_as_a_sigdev_tool.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Document contains redactions Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Micah Lee Date:Leaked 2015-07-01 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150723204534/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document ORCON Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F254.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2009 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs XKEYSCORE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150701-intercept-xks_as_a_sigdev_tool.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an internal NSA presentation. It describes the workflow of using the XKEYSCORE data analysis tool in conjunction with the PINWALE, MARINA and TRAFFICTHIEF databases to provide actionable intelligence on targets. It includes a description and example of Application IDs and Fingerprints in order to make the query process more efficient. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Fingerprints Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01bc3f5453f791fa1d8d14bf Title A name given to the resource X-KEYSCORE as a SIGDEV tool Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/706d064ba0d853658f34b11ba4407154.pdf 8c77ff0bd4755efbe0e683a44902ce5c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 1 File 20131119-dagbladet-norway_collection_0.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/11/19/nyheter/pluss/edward_snowden/innenriks/snowden_i_norge/30338184/ Telephony metadata Source:File URL of the source file 20131119-dagbladet-norway_collection_0.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Report Report:Creator Author of the original news report Morten Strand Date:Leaked 2013-11-19 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Unknown Report:Link Link to the original news report http://G:/snowden1/tmp/1449072911/20131119-dagbladet-norway_collection_0.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2013-01-08 Distribution Unknown Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs BOUNDLESS INFORMANT Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Dagbladet Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20131119-dagbladet-norway_collection_0.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a report from the BOUNDLESSINFORMANT big data analysis tool used by the NSA. It shows the NSA's efforts in monitoring telephonic and internet communications in Norway in a 30 day period between December 10 2012 and Janurary 8 2013. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource DNR - Dial Number Recognition metadata Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01bc3e4698e7d62a6034e0f8 Title A name given to the resource Boundless Informant : Norway , Dec 10 2012 - Jan 8 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/8e72c2887eaacdcea2c9d3c0286ed3ba.pdf df76d70cf198c6af0c44b903f54d9fec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20150701-intercept-dni101.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/ General intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20150701-intercept-dni101.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Personnel names redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Diagrams Report:Creator Author of the original news report Micah Lee Date:Leaked 2015-07-01 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150723204534/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document COMINT Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449702128_1/20150701-intercept-dni101.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010 Distribution Unknown Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs XKEYSCORE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150701-intercept-dni101.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an image of two flow charts that visualize the workflows of analysts gathering digial network intelligence (DNI) using the XKEYSCORE data analysis tool. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Email addresses Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01bc6429a281ba20dac320fe Title A name given to the resource How Do I Begin Analyzing a Target's Email Address? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden