39 10 626 https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/b0d115784e15051285f118b704af74ee.pdf 0f2c5734683814085f584cb5cde075ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 11 File NTAC-Overview.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://theintercept.com/2016/06/07/mi5-gchq-digint-surveillance-data-deluge/ General Intelligence Source:File URL of the source file NTAC-Overview.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation Slide Report:Creator Author of the original news report Ryan Gallagher Date:Leaked 2016-06-07 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Unknown Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F1133.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010 Distribution Unknown Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs General Intelligence Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived NTAC-Overview.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a slide from a presentation. It details the mission of the National Threat Assessment Center. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Encrypted data Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01c266f0c404c41097cc8c14 Title A name given to the resource NTAC Mission Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) - National Threat Assessment Centre Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/9d4fb891844b09274aaaca6008cea730.pdf a8b60c1587edeab45edcbb54cd32c7da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 1 File 20150402-Intercept-NAC 2Q 2011 Business Review.pdf CreatorOffice NAC Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/04/02/gchq-argentina-falklands/ Iran Source:File URL of the source file 20150402-Intercept-NAC 2Q 2011 Business Review.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Report Report:Creator Author of the original news report Glenn Greenwald Date:Leaked 2015-04-02 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150604201256/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/04/02/gchq-argentina-falklands/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document STRAP 1 Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F94.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2011-07 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs WHICHED ; RED Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150402-Intercept-NAC 2Q 2011 Business Review.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an extract from a report created by the Network Analysis Centre (NAC). It provides a review of the agency's offensive cyber operations during the first quarter of 2011. It describes offensive cyber operations against targets in Argentina and operations against Iranian navel targets near the straits of Hormuz. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Argentina Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01a74b175b3a890e58aa7bb2 Title A name given to the resource Offensive Cyber Status Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Network Access Centre (NAC) Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/9bdc93f9499c9ebd7a2ccedca01cd5f0.pdf 16bfc1c393e9f196abea5b6c112de9f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20140618-der_spiegel-nsacss_europe-_report_on_the_experiences_of_one_nsa_worker.pdf CreatorOffice A&P Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-germany-file-of-edward-snowden-documents-available-for-download-a-975917.html Signals Intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20140618-der_spiegel-nsacss_europe-_report_on_the_experiences_of_one_nsa_worker.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Personnel names redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Newsletter Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spiegel Staff Date:Leaked 2014-06-18 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191306/http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-germany-file-of-edward-snowden-documents-available-for-download-a-975917.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Classified Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949494/20140618-der_spiegel-nsacss_europe-_report_on_the_experiences_of_one_nsa_worker.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2006-01-02 Distribution FOUO Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs SIGINT Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140618-der_spiegel-nsacss_europe-_report_on_the_experiences_of_one_nsa_worker.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a NSA release describing the recent trip of an NSA offical to the German operational units; European Commoand (EUCOM), NSA/CSS Europe (NCEUR), European Technical Center (ETC) and European Security Center for discussion on intelligence partnerships. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Strategic Mission List Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHe914ada3df2e3ab56d0522 Title A name given to the resource On the Road Again: SID Team Visits Germany Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency - Analysis and Production Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/08047952704e3534ee2501c49eabbb74.pdf a894758fd6b923a81b55de96bca9d70a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20140618-der_spiegel-report_on_the_one-year_anniversary_of_the_nsa_liaison_unit_suslag_in_bad_aibling.pdf CreatorOffice SUSLAG Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-germany-file-of-edward-snowden-documents-available-for-download-a-975917.html Signals Intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20140618-der_spiegel-report_on_the_one-year_anniversary_of_the_nsa_liaison_unit_suslag_in_bad_aibling.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Personnel names redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Newsletter Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spiegel Staff Date:Leaked 2014-06-18 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191306/http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-germany-file-of-edward-snowden-documents-available-for-download-a-975917.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F184.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2005-06-10 Distribution FOUO Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs SIGINT Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140618-der_spiegel-report_on_the_one-year_anniversary_of_the_nsa_liaison_unit_suslag_in_bad_aibling.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This NSA document celebrates the one-year anniversary of the Special US Liason Activity Germany (SUSLAG) partnership and gives an overview of their SIGINT operations and technology in Bad Aibling, Germany. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource FORNSAT Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH30bc139e9bc1bd122d1600 Title A name given to the resource One-Year Anniversary for SUSLAG Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency - Special US Liason Activity Germany Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/973858864f06f4e2c37921a6aa6e5f5b.pdf b31fc0a19b25a4141cd331711476f3ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 3 File 20150925-intercept-op_highland_fling_event_log.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://theintercept.com/2015/09/25/gchq-radio-porn-spies-track-web-users-online-identities/ Facebook Source:File URL of the source file 20150925-intercept-op_highland_fling_event_log.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Elements of document have been redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Wiki article Report:Creator Author of the original news report Ryan Gallagher Date:Leaked 2015-09-25 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document TOP SECRET Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949934/20150925-intercept-op_highland_fling_event_log.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2011-01-19 Distribution STRAP 1 Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs Mutant Broth Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150925-intercept-op_highland_fling_event_log.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document from the GCHQ internal wiki presents the event log from Jan 17 2011 - Jan 19 2011 for an operation titled HIGHLAND FLING. Events in this document refer to the tracking of employees at the Netherlands-based SIM card company, Gemalto. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource IP addresses Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01a7bf30af6819d42efa35fc Title A name given to the resource OP HIGHLAND FLING - Event Log Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/ceeaf6b0cf1cd85aad334b4bf3b583c6.pdf 11db7a70e4b22dd837c26f72e25304c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 11 File 20131004-wapo-gchq_mullenize.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/secret-nsa-documents-show-campaign-against-tor-encrypted-network/2013/10/04/610f08b6-2d05-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html Shared IP Addresses Source:File URL of the source file 20131004-wapo-gchq_mullenize.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Examples of specific geographical areas and websites redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Newsletter Report:Creator Author of the original news report Steven Rich Date:Leaked 2013-10-04 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document COMINT Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F414.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2012-10-10 Distribution STRAP 1 Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs Operation MULLENIZE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Washington Post Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20131004-wapo-gchq_mullenize.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an internal memo created by GCHQ describing Operation MULLENIZE, an attempt to distinguish othewise anonymous internet users. The agency uses "User Agent Staining" to change the way in which the user's web browser identifies itself on the web. It is used to unmask TOR users, as well as devices on networks in which many share the same IP address, such as Internet Cafes. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource IP Addresses Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH011a4d02e0ffd18f7435c339 Title A name given to the resource Op MULLENIZE and beyond - Staining Machines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/ead1a52f3cebd0feb626a039e702b108.pdf 7bdaaaee4a28f8a326a9a5c2369ac9b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20130920-spiegel-belgacom.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/british-spy-agency-gchq-hacked-belgian-telecoms-firm-a-923406.html Telephony metadata Source:File URL of the source file 20130920-spiegel-belgacom.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Final line in footer of slides redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Unknown Date:Leaked 2013-09-20 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191323/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/british-spy-agency-gchq-hacked-belgian-telecoms-firm-a-923406.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1441070920/20130920-spiegel-belgacom.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010-01 Distribution STRAP 2 Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs Operation SOCIALIST Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20130920-spiegel-belgacom.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a selection of slides from a GCHQ presentation describing Operation SOCIALIST, a cyber-attack against Belgacom, a partly state owned Belgian telecoms company. The presentation describes the utilization of Quantum Insert attack technology in order to infiltrate important parts of Belgacom's communications infrastructure. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource QI - Quantum Insert Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHec626af11790a377fc56c9 Title A name given to the resource OP SOCIALIST Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Defence Signals Directorate (DSD / ASD) Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/bf2291d266d4664b2b642af403cf7e41.pdf 8425286145c48e23a0fbfebf645071c8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20150528-intercept-leave_bright_pebbles_not_breadcrumbs_for_those_coming_after_you.pdf CreatorOffice SID Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/05/28/nsa-officials-privately-criticize-collect-it-all-surveillance/ None Source:File URL of the source file 20150528-intercept-leave_bright_pebbles_not_breadcrumbs_for_those_coming_after_you.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Author's name removed Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Memo Report:Creator Author of the original news report Peter Maass Date:Leaked 2015-05-28 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150723204815/http://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/05/28/nsa-officials-privately-criticize-collect-it-all-surveillance/#/ Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document FOUO Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449702106/20150528-intercept-leave_bright_pebbles_not_breadcrumbs_for_those_coming_after_you.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010-09-24 Distribution Unknown Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150528-intercept-leave_bright_pebbles_not_breadcrumbs_for_those_coming_after_you.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a memo composed by an official within the Signals Intelligence Directorate (SID) of the NSA. In this memo, the author describes the importance of inter-agency cooperation in sharing intelligence. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource SIBtoday Blog Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH014af2aff2d69d2709ce4227 Title A name given to the resource Op-ed: Leave Bright Pebbles, Not Breadcrumbs, for Those Coming After You Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency - Signals Intelligence Directorate Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/7d54c52cdfa8a4335063248a89528565.pdf 0715ef8c69ec21971e5decd19b8718d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 6 File 20140812-Intercept-GCHQ-Covert-Mobile-Phones-Policy.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/08/12/nprs-dina-temple-raston-passed-cia-funded-nsa-contractor-independent-fear-monger-snowden-reporting/ Human intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20140812-Intercept-GCHQ-Covert-Mobile-Phones-Policy.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Identifying information has been redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Briefing Report:Creator Author of the original news report Andrew Fishman Date:Leaked 2014-08-12 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150604200911/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/08/12/nprs-dina-temple-raston-passed-cia-funded-nsa-contractor-independent-fear-monger-snowden-reporting/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F748.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010-06-28 Distribution Unknown Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs Tryst Traveller Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140812-Intercept-GCHQ-Covert-Mobile-Phones-Policy.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document, created by GCHQ, describes the procedures for the use of mobile phones by agents posted overseas. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource HUMINT - Human intelligence Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH726f6482bd322a5e43705a Title A name given to the resource OPA~TAS Covert Mobile Phones Policy Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/5f9a5714ba51f629948493e1bf56a158.pdf 6e796262a8101c0b8999d18ae3a2edd6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20150204-intercept-open_source_for_cyber_defence_progress.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/02/04/demonize-prosecute-hackers-nsa-gchq-rely-intel-expertise/ Social Media Source:File URL of the source file 20150204-intercept-open_source_for_cyber_defence_progress.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Wiki article Report:Creator Author of the original news report Glenn Greenwald Date:Leaked 2015-02-04 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150604201302/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/02/04/demonize-prosecute-hackers-nsa-gchq-rely-intel-expertise/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document COMINT Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1441071476/20150204-intercept-open_source_for_cyber_defence_progress.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2012-06-25 Distribution STRAP 1 Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs LOVELY HORSE ; HAPPY TRIGGER ; ZooL ; TWO FACE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150204-intercept-open_source_for_cyber_defence_progress.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an article from GCHQ's internal Wiki, GCWiki. It provides a list of the data sources used in the social media monitoring programs HAPPY TRIGGER, LOVELY HORSE, ZOOL and TWOFACE. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource GCHQ - Government Communications Headquarters Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHeb5f3dccf37ad7f3e28d32 Title A name given to the resource Open Source for Cyber Defence / Progress Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Relation A related resource Snowden