49 10 626 https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/2d29da18323059d182f743b93583af5b.pdf 01b906ac9ec2ac3ebea3741bf96a2751 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 1 File 20140519-intercept-sso_dictionary_excerpt.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/05/19/data-pirates-caribbean-nsa-recording-every-cell-phone-call-bahamas/ Phillipines Source:File URL of the source file 20140519-intercept-sso_dictionary_excerpt.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document 2nd party access provider redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Glossary Report:Creator Author of the original news report Ryan Devereaux Date:Leaked 2014-05-19 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150521193518/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/05/19/data-pirates-caribbean-nsa-recording-every-cell-phone-call-bahamas/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949455/20140519-intercept-sso_dictionary_excerpt.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2011 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs SOMALGET Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140519-intercept-sso_dictionary_excerpt.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an excerpt from an NSA Special Source Operations glossary which provides the code names, countries and details for the audio data and bulk collection programs generally known as MYSTIC. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Mexico Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01a09290e1451890f25d765d Title A name given to the resource SSO Dictionary - Mystic Program Names Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/07c5722ba0a118141f8d2b15000ad8d1.pdf b6e40b71a7cd4292f2777271ce048ba5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20131210-wapo-ghost_machine.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/12/10/new-documents-show-how-the-nsa-infers-relationships-based-on-mobile-location-data/ Cloud Data Source:File URL of the source file 20131210-wapo-ghost_machine.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Author's name and title removed Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Barton Gellman Date:Leaked 2013-12-10 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150625200903/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/12/10/new-documents-show-how-the-nsa-infers-relationships-based-on-mobile-location-data/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document COMINT Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949313/20131210-wapo-ghost_machine.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs GHOSTMACHINE ; FASCIA ; TUSKATTIRE ; JUGGERNAUT Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Washington Post Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20131210-wapo-ghost_machine.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document contains excerpts from an internal NSA presentation describing the NSA's cloud analytics platform, code-named GHOSTMACHINE. It is administered by Special Source Operations (SSO). Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource JUGGERNAUT Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH015a17f21d73bf1a60fcaa76 Title A name given to the resource SSO GHOSTMACHINE Analytics Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/0c318ed64d4a162d196257321eceee22.pdf 7415df80d060b18cd1f026cfe68d7eae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 51 File 20130627-guard-nsa_oig_2009_report.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/nsa-data-mining-authorised-obama Telephony Metadata Source:File URL of the source file 20130627-guard-nsa_oig_2009_report.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Draft report Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spencer Ackerman Date:Leaked 2013-06-27 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150625205238/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/nsa-data-mining-authorised-obama# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document ORCON Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949136/20130627-guard-nsa_oig_2009_report.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2009-03-24 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs President's Surveillance Program; Terrorist Surveillance Program; STELLARWIND Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Guardian Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20130627-guard-nsa_oig_2009_report.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a draft report by the NSA's inspector general. It shows the development and operations of the Presidents Surveillance Program, a collection of surveillance programs began by George W Bush in the aftermath of September 11, 2001 and operational until 2007. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Iraq Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHb80d7aeedd13f5188f0623 Title A name given to the resource ST-09-0002 Working Draft : Review of the President's Surveillance Program Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency - Office of the Inspector General Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/233430f5d2269bd995388bac1b6863c6.pdf c23af949e9478a136293b7259575fdb0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20141214-intercept-gchq_stargate_cne_requirements.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/13/belgacom-hack-gchq-inside-story/ Computer Networks Source:File URL of the source file 20141214-intercept-gchq_stargate_cne_requirements.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Image has been redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Wiki article Report:Creator Author of the original news report Ryan Gallagher Date:Leaked 2014-12-14 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150604201303/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/13/belgacom-hack-gchq-inside-story/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449701996/20141214-intercept-gchq_stargate_cne_requirements.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2012 Distribution STRAP 1 Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs STARGATE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20141214-intercept-gchq_stargate_cne_requirements.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a page from the GCWiki to facilitate planning a new file system (STARGATE) for computer network exploitation (CNE). Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Planning Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH01bd7ee9bfb68aee1eaad0f0 Title A name given to the resource STARGATE CNE Requirements Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/a188ae048978d3d910730c2257030e2d.pdf bdfd4676c4e0a2b7a01a4b63f8c9eb5c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20141228-speigel-description_of_existing_projects_on_vpn_decryption_0.pdf CreatorOffice CES Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html IP addresses Source:File URL of the source file 20141228-speigel-description_of_existing_projects_on_vpn_decryption_0.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Draft report Report:Creator Author of the original news report Spiegel Staff Date:Leaked 2014-11-25 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F127.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2009-03 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs TURMOIL; PRESSUREWAVE; XKEYSCORE URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191248/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html# Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20141228-speigel-description_of_existing_projects_on_vpn_decryption_0.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a draft of a project plan outline for VPN exploitation, with dates and nexts steps, for targeting SMK. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource VPN Attack Orchestrater Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH019fc3701ddf5af47fa7224e Title A name given to the resource Start Generating SIGINT from VPNs at SMK Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency - Cryptanalysis and Exploitation Services Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/006f368880d135b078531ea53f0f93a0.pdf f4035a20d69db88e1178bc4a4db06470 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 4 File 20150701-intercept-stats_config_readme.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/ General Intelligence Source:File URL of the source file 20150701-intercept-stats_config_readme.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Memo Report:Creator Author of the original news report Micah Lee Date:Leaked 2015-07-01 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150723204534/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/07/01/nsas-google-worlds-private-communications/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://G:/snowden1/tmp/1449074071/20150701-intercept-stats_config_readme.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010 Distribution 5VEY Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs XKEYSCORE Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150701-intercept-stats_config_readme.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a memo prepared by the NSA. It outlines procedures to change the default statistic configurations of the NSA's XKEYSCORE data analysis program. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource SIGINT - Signals Intelligence Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH265b78ab2ecea4c0a77284 Title A name given to the resource Statistics Configuration Read Me Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/be06f5409cf4a2a66a0463e59b9062cf.pdf a783dd83da4a1e28a0896fd3f5e7a1b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 1 File 20150219-Intercept-CCNE Stats Summaries Jan10 Mar10 Trial.pdf CreatorOffice GCHQ Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/02/19/great-sim-heist/ Encryption keys Source:File URL of the source file 20150219-Intercept-CCNE Stats Summaries Jan10 Mar10 Trial.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Document contains redactions Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Presentation slides Report:Creator Author of the original news report Josh Begley Date:Leaked 2015-02-19 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150604201259/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/02/19/great-sim-heist/# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/harknessj/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1448949716/20150219-Intercept-CCNE Stats Summaries Jan10 Mar10 Trial.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2011 Distribution STRAP 1 Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs Gemalto SIM Attack Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150219-Intercept-CCNE Stats Summaries Jan10 Mar10 Trial.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is an extract from an internal GCHQ presentation. It provides statistics and summaries for the data identified in various mobile phone networks retrieved using compromised SIM encyption keys gained from an attack on the SIM card manufacturer, Gemalto. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource Bahrain Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH75d5ebfae76b516359b6b8 Title A name given to the resource Stats / Summaries Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/df11bad625c9bce22a90618de6689e3d.pdf 6061b2a5370417fa5df8dfa0332499e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 2 File 20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/new-snowden-docs-indicate-scope-of-nsa-preparations-for-cyber-battle-a-1013409.html Computer Network Devices Source:File URL of the source file 20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document Author's name redacted Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Newsletter Report:Creator Author of the original news report Michael Sontheimer Date:Leaked 2015-01-17 URL http://wayback.archive-it.org/5840/20150629191246/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/new-snowden-docs-indicate-scope-of-nsa-preparations-for-cyber-battle-a-1013409-2.html# Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Top Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://G:/snowden1/tmp/1449073830/20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2010-06 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs SIGINT Enabling Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Der Spiegel Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20150117-spiegel-supply-chain_interdiction_-_stealthy_techniques_can_crack_some_of_sigints_hardest_targets.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This article, from the NSA's SIDtoday newsletter, describes the success of a hands-on interception program. Shipments of computer network devices (servers, routers, etc.), en route to target locations, are intercepted and physically implanted with beacons that will enable NSA data collection. The article refers specifically to a successful example involving the Syrian Telecommunications Establishment (STE). Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource GPRS data Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHe6e8efd1561895522410f0 Title A name given to the resource Stealthy Techniques Can Crack Some of SIGINT's Hardest Targets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/5afccb1dbda8b3e996a7a6a7404aa160.pdf a41cdbf102c133afd5542ffcf4b5cbd3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 37 File 20140311-nyt-classification_guide_for_stellarwind_program_0.pdf CreatorOffice NSA Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/us/how-a-courts-secret-evolution-extended-spies-reach.html?_r=0 Internet communications Source:File URL of the source file 20140311-nyt-classification_guide_for_stellarwind_program_0.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Classification guide Report:Creator Author of the original news report Laura Poitras Date:Leaked 2014-03-11 Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document ORCON Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/tmp/F603.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2009-01-21 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs STELLARWIND ; President's Surveillance Program Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The New York Times Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140311-nyt-classification_guide_for_stellarwind_program_0.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This document is a classification guide for the NSA's STELLARWIND program. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource NSA - National Security Agency, Signals Intelligence Directorate, Oversight and Compliance (SID) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASH1165c7eca8ee6f1c6ba1e8 Title A name given to the resource STELLARWIND Classification Guide Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Security Agency Relation A related resource Snowden https://snowden.xsurveillance.site/files/original/dc83299145a792f592cb360629a3696b.pdf 30f0086e1c2fa17b2e2ac2b8f0d2c561 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Snowden Files Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Leak Core Element Set for Leaks (especially the Snowden files). NumPages 12 File 20140805-Intercept-Directorate-of-Terrorist-Identities-Strategic-Accomplishments-2013.pdf CreatorOffice DTI Date:CreatedCirca ca. Description:Target Targets mentioned in the leak https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/08/05/watch-commander/ Biometric information Source:File URL of the source file 20140805-Intercept-Directorate-of-Terrorist-Identities-Strategic-Accomplishments-2013.pdf Source:Redactions Description of redactions in the leaked document None Source:Genre Genre of the leaked document Report Report:Creator Author of the original news report None Date:Leaked 2014-08-05 URL https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/08/05/watch-commander/ Source:Classification Classification level of the leaked document Secret Report:Link Link to the original news report http://C:/Users/Amocelotl/Greenstone/collect/snowden1/tmp/1449701930_1/20140805-Intercept-Directorate-of-Terrorist-Identities-Strategic-Accomplishments-2013.html Date:Created Creation date of the leaked file 2013 Distribution NOFORN Encoding utf8 Surveillance Programs General intelligence Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Intercept Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 20140805-Intercept-Directorate-of-Terrorist-Identities-Strategic-Accomplishments-2013.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Description An account of the resource This report documents the strategic accomplishments of the National Counterterrorism Center's Directorate of Terrorist Identities (DTI) for 2013. It refers to the expansion of the TIDE (Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment) system, biometric analysis assistance provided in response to the Boston Bombings, and increased Biometric holdings within TIDE. Language A language of the resource en Subject The topic of the resource BAB - Biometrics Analysis Branch Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASHaafc3a90923c60c4570c59 Title A name given to the resource Strategic Accomplishments 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) - Directorate of Terrorist Identities Relation A related resource Snowden